Down the Rabbit Hole
Demystifying QAnon Narratives and Networks
In recent years, the state of democracy in the United States has set off alarms flagging an impending crisis. One clear indicator is a rapidly growing number of QAnon, conspiracy-minded elected officials in leadership positions and the presence of ideology on center stage.
QAnon is a wide-ranging, completely unfounded set of evolving conspiracy theories whose believers claim an elite cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophiles is pulling the strings in government, business, and news media, social media and entertainment. Spread largely through online channels, it is a combination of old internet hoaxes, mis-and disinformation found in online forums like 4chan and moral panics about child trafficking. QAnon found its way into the public sphere during the 2016 election and hit the mainstream in 2020. The pandemic contributed to the proliferation of conspiracy theories as many turned to the internet for relief and belonging in a moment of crisis. For many, the idea that “Satan-worshiping pedophiles'' are running the world sounds outlandish. But that year, QAnon’s increased public visibility resulted in real-world appearances at protests, during public comment in local government meetings and at the polls. QAnon has a real impact on communities worldwide and has shaped not only political conversations but actual violence, including murder, assault and public endangerment.
The increasing visibility of QAnon had tangible impacts across new right wing movements as they quickly scaled power, often leveraging disinformation and conspiracy theories shaped and amplified by QAnon networks. By leaning on ideological narratives of racism, xenophobia and misogyny, these movements’ leaders enable their bases in flashpoint moments, prepare them for long-term battles, and bring communities on the margins (across race, class and gender) into an emerging shared narrative framework. However, there is still hope for the tide to change for the better — and the key lies in the power of community.
Down the Rabbit Hole: Demystifying QAnon Narratives and Networks is a deep dive into how QAnon has impacted women and femmes across race, class and geography. The report identifies the key stories, narratives, and values operating inside and adjacent to the QAnon ecosystem and explores the specific conversations and networks that act as onramps````````` for women and femmes. The unique narrative and network analysis also articulate the nuances within these networks. The report describes how specific values and narratives present in QAnon content resonate with women, and takes a closer look at women and femmes of color, to better understand how they become involved in the conspiracy-minded community.
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THE QANON ECOSYSTEM
This report focuses on the following critical networks: Vaccine Skeptical, Anti-Vaccine, Wellness, Fitness, Kids First, Save the Children, and Politicians and Candidates. While this overview includes some of the networks inside the larger ecosystem, it is not an exhaustive report of every network with connections to QAnon. These networks are critical entry points for women and femmes across race and class, and play a key role in disseminating narratives and messages from person to person and network to network. Shared narratives and values echo across these networks, but each network has distinct qualities and characteristics. We can track conversations directly tied to specific entry points by identifying their qualities and characteristics. We also highlight some key influencers in each network to better understand the stories and messages that resonate with women across race, class and religious/spiritual affiliation that invite them into QAnon and QAnon-adjacent conversations. These influencers are just a sample of people moving content within the networks we explored during our research.
At ReFrame, we aim to translate narrative research, rooted in data, into insights that can be applied to real-life conditions and communities at large. Down the Rabbit Hole: Demystifying QAnon Narratives and Networks is part of a larger project, in collaboration with Women’s March and Political Research Associates, to equip engaged women across place, race and class with the tools to make values-based online interventions in communities vulnerable to recruitment by QAnon, with the ultimate goal of advancing a narrative and vision of real democracy. You can read more about how we conducted this research in our methodology section.
QAnon Values
KEY INSIGHTS
Race, Class and Age
Shadow-bans
network insights
Vaccine Skeptical
The Vaccine Skeptical network spans economic class and race. Rather than outright rejecting and organizing against vaccines, they share content on the legacy of medical racism, and are curious about conspiracy theories in relation to institutions, corporations and the government. Some influencers work alone, while others are part of organizations or political parties.
They often create content that focuses on health and spirituality, sharing their thoughts and misinformation through DIY infographics.
A majority of the people in the Vaccine Skeptical network do not subscribe to QAnon, and they had earnest questions about the safety of vaccines prior to the COVID-19 pandemic discourse about vaccines. Influencers in this network are at risk of opting into the Anti-Vaccine network. There is a clear overlap of people, narratives and values between this group and the Wellness and Kids First networks.
Vaccine Skeptical Influencers
This network's mood and tone is often informal, reflective, playful and nervous.
Vaccine Skeptical +
Anti-Vaccine
Narrative Funnel
The network funnel images are meant to showcase examples of stories, messages, and narratives that serve as entry points and on-ramps to both Q-adjacent and QAnon networks. Funnels demonstrate where there is overlap between more mainstream and QAnon content, where conspiratorial beliefs start to take shape, and at which stages intervention is possible. Though depicted as funnels, this process is not linear; people within the network can connect with content found up and down the funnel; they can move fluidly within and across the funnels. ReFrame’s network funnels are inspired by disinformation researcher, Abbie Richards’ conspiracy chart.
wellness
From beauty vloggers to enthusiastic vegans and alternative medicine practitioners, the Wellness sphere of influence spans race, economic class and gender. While white cisgender women tend to be the most visible in this space, influencers of color can also be found in lifestyle and wellness conversations across platforms. Due to potential platform retaliation, they often change their privacy settings and use multiple accounts, making them less visible than their white counterparts. This practice can leave influencers of color in the Wellness network more susceptible to radicalization.
For Wellness influencers, “good vibes” and finding “balance,” both physically and spiritually, are of the utmost importance. These priorities lead them to care about their surroundings and to find ways to protect themselves and their loved ones from perceived threats like stress, toxins and even government interference.
Wellness influencers are savvy. They build their online presence by focusing on a particular niche topic and slowly branch out to tangential areas by collaborating with influencers from other spheres (e.g., a beauty influencer collaborating with an eco-friendly cleaning product company). They do this in order to gain exposure, introduce themselves to new audiences and create content adaptable to their followers. Influencers in this network often aim to monetize their content.
Wellness Influencers
expresses these values by purchasing “alternative” goods and products.
This network's mood and tone is inspirational, nurturing, urgent, boho chic and minimalist.
Fitness
Fitness influencers, like Wellness influencers, span race, economic class and gender. While conversations in this network operate across genders, they are often either dominated by cisgender men or heavily influenced by them. Conversations around what it means to be an “alpha” or “beta” male and how women relate to them reinforce deeply misogynistic values that are central to QAnon. Cisgender women in this network often share messages of women’s empowerment while also elevating the idea of the alpha male.
These networks tend to form around either an individual (e.g., Andrew Tate) or one type of exercise, like mixed martial arts (MMA) or CrossFit. Showcasing the body, physical transformation and mastery of an activity often take center stage. They care deeply about what goes into their bodies and how their bodies are perceived by others, and are fatphobic toward people who don’t fit their ideal health, beauty and fitness standards. The focus on the purity and perfection of the body leaves space for people in this network to spread misinformation about alternatives to modern medicine, diets (often for weight loss) and programs for healthy living. This content is a high-risk entry point to QAnon conversations. Workout blogs, YouTube videos on diets and fitness, and paid subscription workout routines are also potential on-ramps to QAnon-related conversations.
Fitness Influencers
who pride themselves on aesthetics, free thinking and what they've been able to accomplish.
This network's mood and tone is motivational, frantic, critical, intense and proud.
Wellness + Fitness
Narrative Funnel
The network funnel images are meant to showcase examples of stories, messages, and narratives that serve as entry points and on-ramps to both Q-adjacent and QAnon networks. Funnels demonstrate where there is overlap between more mainstream and QAnon content, where conspiratorial beliefs start to take shape, and at which stages intervention is possible. Though depicted as funnels, this process is not linear; people within the network can connect with content found up and down the funnel; they can move fluidly within and across the funnels. ReFrame’s network funnels are inspired by disinformation researcher, Abbie Richards’ conspiracy chart.
Kids First
People in the Kids First network view self-sacrificing motherhood as central to their identity. Much of their world is structured around the traditional nuclear family and emphasizes the role of the mother in protecting childhood innocence. They are often, but not exclusively, white cisgender women. Many are religious and tend to be members of Christian and evangelical Christian communities who home-school their children. Others are nonreligious “crunchy moms” interested in play-based education, natural living and promoting a technology-free childhood. They prioritize the fierce protection of their children’s health and safety, typified by a self-identification as a "Mama bear."
Many within this network began engaging with QAnon-related content during the pandemic, especially around local, state and federal action on school closures and mask mandates. Parenting blogs and videos on YouTube are also on-ramps to QAnon-related conversations. This network overlaps with the Anti-Vaccine, Wellness and Save the Children networks. There is also high engagement around anti-trans and anti-critical race theory messaging that emphasizes the protection of their children.
Kids First Influencers
This network's mood and tone is snarky, righteous, tender and dedicated.
save the children
Save the Children network influencers play a critical role in contending for narratives around parenting, the role of institutions and the role of government. Influencers in this network share values and beliefs on personal choice, patriotism and nationalism. They rely heavily on personal aesthetics, creating content about faith, family, and being military moms or wives.
Their followers not only buy into the disinformation the network proliferates, but consume the products sold by influencers in the network and are susceptible to joining cult-like groups, like Warriors of the Radical Light and She Lives Freed. This network overlaps with both the Kids First and Anti-Vaccine networks.
Save the Children Influencers
This network's mood and tone sarcastic, militant, warm and persuasive.
Kids first + Save the Children
Narrative Funnel
The network funnel images are meant to showcase examples of stories, messages, and narratives that serve as entry points and on-ramps to both Q-adjacent and QAnon networks. Funnels demonstrate where there is overlap between more mainstream and QAnon content, where conspiratorial beliefs start to take shape, and at which stages intervention is possible. Though depicted as funnels, this process is not linear; people within the network can connect with content found up and down the funnel; they can move fluidly within and across the funnels.ReFrame’s network funnels are inspired by disinformation researcher, Abbie Richards’ conspiracy chart.
Politicians and Candidates
Over the last several years in the United States, a small but increasing number of QAnon-endorsed candidates and politicians have run for elected office, promoting QAnon content and amplifying its narratives along the way. While some influencers in this network share explicitly white supremacist content, this group contains representation across race and ethnicity. The diversity in this network suggests alignment on a collective strategy to motivate a particular voting bloc — conspiracy theorists, MAGA and Trump adherents, and others with extremist beliefs — in their favor. Influencers in this network share conservative, constitutionalist and nationalist ideological values.
They act as loudspeakers in conversations about cancel culture, critical race theory, and anti-trans and anti-queer rhetoric. They amplify criticisms about the Biden administration and Democratic Party leadership. Members of Politicians and Candidates are connected not only to each other but to broader QAnon networks. This is a key network for moving QAnon messages and narratives into mainstream political discourse.
Politicians and Candidates Influencers
This network's mood and tone is sarcastic, condescending, persuasive, grim and chaotic.
Glossary
DISINFORMATION
Disinformation is information that is deliberately false or misleading, often spread for political gain; profit; or to discredit an individual, group, movement, political party or foreign government.
INFLUENCERS
Influencers are individuals in the narrative ecosystem that shape conversations on and offline. Some may have public name recognition or large follower counts. They are individuals who are seen as trustworthy representatives of their community, with a robust offline network to match their online presence.
MISINFORMATION
Misinformation is information that is false or unintentionally inaccurate, spread unknowingly.
MOOD
Mood refers to the emotional response an author wishes to evoke in their audience. Emotional responses allow audiences to connect with a story, making it meaningful and memorable.
NARRATIVE
A narrative is a collection or system of related stories that are articulated and refined over time to represent a central idea or belief. (Narrative Initiative)
NETWORK
Networks are a way of describing and visualizing social relationships. They describe how different people are connected, how strong their ties are and how different networks are connected to each other. Networks are not just how people are connected online — they include offline relationships and connections that bridge people together in real life.
TONE
Tone refers to an author’s attitude toward a story, its subject matter or its audience. An author's tone may reflect their personal attitude or opinion about a story.
VALUE
Values are commonly held beliefs. They are not always partisan. Values can inform ideology and narrative, and vice versa.
Methodology
ReFrame prepared this network map in partnership with Women's March and Political Research Associates. It provides a high-level overview of critical networks, narratives, and values within and adjacent to the QAnon ecosystem. The map outlines a set of networks that interact with and convey QAnon-related values, stories, messages and narratives, and explores the trajectory of how people within these networks adopt QAnon beliefs.
At ReFrame, we conduct narrative research on established, emerging, dominant and trending narratives that are circulating widely as well as inside specific networks. We also track narrative voids, places where there is an absence of coherent stories that add up to a clear narrative. Our research tracks volume and velocity trends, conversational patterns, stories, content and messages, and network influencers across time, platforms and channels. We meticulously dissect content (news articles, social media content, websites, broadcast news and entertainment, podcasts, online forums, and more) to identify embedded messages, story and character archetypes, and their underlying ideas, values and beliefs. ReFrame conducts narrative research in partnership with other leaders and organizations, refining our research and content analysis through bidirectional learning loops.
For this report, we used a combination of CrowdTangle analytics, Zignal Labs data, analysis of surveys distributed through the Women's March, and detailed on and offline analysis of keywords and conversations.
For the network map, we examined conversation trends, volume and velocity, with a focus on English-language and United States-based content distributed over a two-year period. Our general research window was from March 2020 to October 2022, though at times, we looked back further to understand how the stories, narratives and values related to QAnon — including their volume and velocity — shifted over a longer period of time. From April to May 2023, we conducted a research verification process to ensure our findings' continued reliability and validity. The insights in the network map represent significant trends and patterns we identified throughout our analysis.
Contributors
Andrade
STRATEGIST
CHAER
SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
cortés
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
HENDERSON
DESIGNER
HYNES
PROGRAM MANAGER
JACKSON
PROGRAM MANAGER
OSAGHAE
COORDINATOR
RHYNE
SENIOR ADVISOR
wang
COPY EDITOR
About This is Signals
Signals is a visionary project fueled by wit, imagination, fortitude, and caffeine. We ingest, digest, and dissect social, cultural, and political conversations of the moment and across time and space. We use the hard skills of grassroots organizing and strategic communications, the thinking of designers and futurists, the technology of big listening, and the wisdom of our ancestors.
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